Racial Anxiety

What it is:

“Racial anxiety” refers to the heightened levels of stress and emotion that we confront when interacting with people of other races. People of color experience concern that they will be the subject of discrimination and hostility. White people, meanwhile, worry that they will be assumed to be racist. Studies have shown that interracial interaction can cause physical symptoms of anxiety and that our non-verbal behaviors—making eye contact, using welcoming gestures or a pleasant tone of voice, for example—can be affected as well. When everyone in a conversation is anxious that it will turn negative, it often does. This causes a kind of feedback loop where the fears and anxieties of both white people and people of color are confirmed by their everyday interactions.

Why it matters:

One obvious way that racial anxiety affects our daily lives is in the aggravation of existing racial tensions. While this may seem small in comparison to larger structural challenges, racial anxiety affects interactions with teachers, employers, law enforcement, and healthcare providers. Racial anxiety also affects many areas of our lives in ways that are subtle but pervasive. In health care, for example, studies using patients of color and doctors of other races, researchers found that patients will have shorter visits with white doctors and report less positive interactions.

What can be done about it:

Over the long term, diversity, integration, inclusion and greater contact between people of different races will go a long way towards lessening racial anxiety. In particular, positive interracial contact has been shown to increase positive impressions of people of other races. Studies show these interactions will be most successful when shared identity is affirmed prior to recognizing difference. Ignoring difference completely, however, is likely to create a scenario in which subconscious anxieties and stereotypes can flourish.

Relevant Articles & Publications

Prosecuting Fairly: Addressing the Challenges of Implicit Bias, Racial Anxiety, and Stereotype Threat

by Rachel D. Godsil and HaoYang (Carl) Jiang (Winter 2018) This article reviews the mind science of implicit bias, racial anxiety, & stereotype threat in the field of prosecution. Specifically, Godsil and Jiang demonstrate how these phenomena can undermine prosecutors’ performance and ability to serve their communities. The authors detail short and long-term steps that…

The Science of Equality in Education: The Impact of Implicit Bias, Racial Anxiety, and Stereotype Threat on Student Outcomes

This report reviews the research evidence of the role of implicit bias, racial anxiety, and stereotype threat on the academic and disciplinary outcomes of students. This report is an update of Perception Institute’s 2014 report The Science of Equality, Volume 1, which examined these phenomena in education and in healthcare.

The Science of Equality, Volume 2: The Effects of Gender Roles, Implicit Bias, and Stereotype Threat on the Lives of Women and Girls

by Rachel D. Godsil, Linda R. Tropp, Phillip A. Goff, John A. Powell, and Jessica MacFarlane (October 2016) Perception Institute partnered with the Haas Institute for a Fair and Inclusive Society and the Center for Policing Equity to produce this report, which synthesizes a wide range of research on the impact of gender roles, implicit gender bias, and stereotype…

Our Brains & Difference: Implicit Bias, Racial Anxiety, and Stereotype Threat in Education

This article examines the impact of implicit bias, racial anxiety, and stereotype threat in education. We use mind science research to help make sense of why, despite dedicated efforts to promote equity in schools, we continue to see disparities in academic outcomes.

Why Race Matters in Physics Class

This article argues that racial diversity in academia enhances innovation and problem-solving, and demonstrates how lack of diversity exacerbates the impact of implicit bias, racial anxiety, and stereotype threat on academic performance of black and Latino students.

The Science of Equality, Volume 1: Addressing Implicit Bias, Racial Anxiety, and Stereotype Threat in Education and Health Care

Perception Institute partnered with the Haas Institute for a Fair and Inclusive Society at UC Berkeley and the Center for Policing Equity at UCLA to generate this report, which provides an in-depth look at the role of implicit bias, racial anxiety, and stereotype threat in producing disparities in education and healthcare.